Monday, May 27, 2013

for oneself、by oneself、beside oneself、to oneself、of oneself、in oneself有何分別?

(1) for oneself指「為自己」或「自己做」,例如:

Man in ancient times had to do almost everything for himself.

古人幾乎每件事都要自己做。
(2) by oneself指「獨自」,例如:
I did it by myself.
我獨力做那件事情。
(3) beside oneself指「忘我」或「發狂」,例如:

He is beside himself with joy.
他喜歡得發狂。
(4) to oneself指「給自己本身」或「只給自己」,例如:

I kept the secret to myself.
我把秘密藏在心中。
(5) of oneself指「自動」或「自發」,例如:
The door opened of itself.
門自動打開了。
(6) in oneself指「本身」或「本身的性質」,例如:

These substances are not poisonous in themselves.

這些物質本身沒有毒性。
(A Dictionary of Modern English Usage)

run down和run-down有何分別?

(1) run down有太多含義,擇其要者簡述如下:
意為tired and in poor health,指精疲力竭或身體衰弱,例如:

He has been working too hard and feels rather run down.

他工作太辛苦,感到精疲力竭。
(2) 又解作knock somebody to the ground, killing or injuring him,指撞倒在地、撞死或撞傷,例如:

He was run down by a cyclist.
他被一名騎腳踏車的人撞倒。
(3) 再解作cease to operate because of the exhaustion of motive,指(因動力耗盡而)停止運轉,例如:

Your clock has run down. The battery needs recharging.

你的鐘停了,電池需要充電。
(4) 還解作criticise unkindly或belittle,即不客氣地批評或貶低,例如:

He's always running his wife down in front of other people.

他總是在別人面前奚落自己的太太。
(5) run-down也有很多含義,只能簡述其中之一:

解作old and broken or in bad condition,指日久失修或破舊,例如:

This old run-down hotel will be demolished.
這間老舊破爛的酒店將被拆。

pay back是「償還」還是「復仇」?

(1) pay back即repay what you owe,指「償還」,例如:

Will you lend me $1,000? I will pay you back next month.

借我1000元好嗎?我下個月還給你。
(2) pay back指repay someone for a kind act he or she has done,指「回報」,例如:

It was so nice to spend the weekend with you and your family. We'll pay you back when we've got a home of our own.

與你全家度周末,非常愉快。我們有了自己的家後,一定回請你們。

(3) pay back又為punish somebody who has done something bad to you,指「報復」或「懲罰」,例如:

We'll pay them back for their insults one day.

總有一天,我們會報復他們的冒犯。
(4) 再介紹一個與pay back(報復)近似的說法:

pay (a person) back in one's own coin即to treat a person in the way that he or she has treated you,指「以其治人之道,還治其人之身」,例如:

Since she refused to help me, the next time she asks me for a favour I will pay her back in her own coin.

既然她不肯幫我,下次她求我時,我當然也不幫她。

讀者Eva來電郵問,書中寫a shoe shop,但店舖裏有很多鞋,是否應寫shoes shop?

Shoe shop是名詞詞組,前面的shoe是名詞修飾語,表示shop的性質。此種情下,shoe毋須加s;同類的例子有:orange juice、childcare、animal trainer等。

「I am not up for it.」、「You talked me into it.」、「She is totally into it.」

(1)be up for指「已提出(供考慮)」,有時簡單點說,就是「想要」,例如:

I'm up for a pizza. Anybody want to chip in?

我要一個意大利薄餅,還有誰想要?
(A New Dictionary of American Colloquial Expressions)

因此,I am not up for it可解作:我不想要它。

(2)talk into指「說服」,例如:
He talked me into coming here.
他說服我來這裏。
因此,You talked me into it可解作:你說服我接受此事。

(3)be into指「有興趣」或「入迷」,例如:
You're really into words.
你對詞語可真入迷。
因此,She is totally into it可解作:她對此事完全入迷。

or和and可以互換嗎?

(1) 在英文否定句,或具否定意味的句子中,若逐項否定各個成分,要使用連接詞or,而不能使用連接詞and,例如:

He never smokes or drinks.
他從來不吸煙,也從來不飲酒。
(2) 若用了and,意思會有變,試比較:
Don't drink or drive.
不許飲酒,也不許駕車。
Don't drink and drive.
不許酒後駕車。

go over

(1)I want to go over the contract with my lawyer before I sign it.

簽約之前,我想和律師一起核查一遍。
(2)She went over the floor with a mop.
她用拖把將地板拖乾淨。
(3)The students went over the lesson before the exam.

學生在考試前複習功課。
(4)We painted the flat once. Then we went over it again.

我們把房子掃一遍漆,過後再掃一遍。
(5)I am going over to Mary's house.
我打算造訪瑪莉的家。
(6)Many of the natives on the island went over to Christianity after the white people came.

白人來到之後,島上很多土著改信了基督教。
(7)The play went over well.
那部戲大受歡迎 [演出很成功]。
(8)This demonstration will never go over with the Conservative Party.

保守黨決不會贊成這種示威遊行。

Friday, May 17, 2013

popularise、impart、propagate三字有何分別?

此三字均可解作「推廣」,但含義和用法略有不同:

(1)popularise可用於物質或精神上的事物,例如:

We are arranging an exhibition to popularise the new types of cars.(物質)

我們在籌備一個展覽會,以推廣新式汽車。
We should popularise scientific notions.(精神)

我們應該推廣科學觀念。
(2)impart本意為「傳授」,可引伸為「推廣」知識、技術等,不可用於物質性的事物,例如:

It was the engineers of that auto company who imparted this new technique to us.

向我們推廣這項新技術的是該車廠的工程師。
(3)propagate本意為「繁殖」或「傳播」,可引伸為「推廣」經驗、技術等,例如:

We'll invite him to come here and propagate the application of their experience.

pay as you go是什麼意思?

Pay as you go指「付現金」或「不欠帳」,例如:

It is best to pay as you go. Then you will not have to worry about paying debts later.

你最好付現金,這樣就不必擔心日後還錢了。

make the most of和make the best of有何分別?

(a) make the most of意為「盡量利用」,或「由……獲得最大利益」,例如:

You must make the most of your opportunities.

你必須盡量利用機會。
(b) make the best of側重表示在不利的條件下「善用」,例如:

He made the best of the time left.
他善用所餘無幾的時間。

hold、have、keep 意思為保持,有何分別?

(1) hold 重於「保持」的動作,如拿著,握住,掌握,佔有等,亦用於掌權、任職等行為,例如:

She held a baby in her arms.
她抱著一個小孩。
(2) have 重於「保持」的狀態,例如:
He has a pen in his hand.
他手裏有支筆。
(3) keep 重於表示「繼續保持」,例如:
Every student should keep his or her dictionary handy.

stave off的用法為何?

Stave off即prevent something undesirable or harmful from affecting you for a period of time,意為「阻止」或「避免」,例如:

I brought the bike to a sudden stop to stave off a child.

我急煞腳踏車,以免把小孩撞倒。
The driver swerved the car to stave off a truck.

司機將汽車急轉彎,以避開一輛卡車。
We tried to stave off post-lunch drowsiness.

我們都設法驅除午飯後的睡意。
(陸谷孫《英漢大辭典》)

in view of和with a view to有何分別?

(1) in view of即taking into account,或not forgetting,或considering,意為「考慮到」、「鑒於」或「由於」,例如:

In view of Tom's having promised a quick answer, we have decided to wait awhile.

鑒於阿湯答應很快會答覆,我們決定等一下。
(2) with a view to即calculating upon as a desired result,或in order to,意為「指望於」或「為了」,例如:

We have established the institute with a view to diffusing scientific knowledge.

為了傳播科學知識,我們成立這個機構。

not at all除了表示「哪裡的話,別客氣」,還有什麼其他用法?

not at all除了表示「哪裡的話,別客氣」,還有什麼其他用法?

Not at all是否定式,不如連肯定式at all等也一併討論。以下透過例句,來展示其用法:

(1) 肯定式:
I was surprised at his coming at all.
他居然來了,我很奇怪。
I doubt whether it's true at all.
我懷疑這件事究竟是否真的。
He'll go anywhere at all to get a job.
只要找到一份工作,去哪裏他都願意。
(2) 否定式:
I didn't enjoy it at all.
對此我毫不欣賞。
A: Thank you so much.
B: Not at all.
(或You are welcome.)
(3) 疑問式:
Do you believe it at all?
你到底相不相信?
(4) 條件句:
He doesn't eat much, if at all.
他即使吃,也吃得很少。

take和cost有何分別?

解作「需要」或「花費」時,二者有下列分別:
(1)take主要表示需要或花費的時間,例如:
We have finished in 20 days what would ordinarily take us at least five weeks.

我們用20天完成通常至少需花5星期的工作。
(2)cost主要表示需要或花費的金錢,且可引伸為花費的勞力等,例如:

The suit cost me over US$10.
這套衣服花了我超過10美元。
The writing of the book cost him three months of intense labour.

他付出3個月的辛勞來寫這本書。
Such carelessness could cost you your life!

這種粗疏可能令你送命!

■讀者June來電郵問,lifelong和livelong有何分別?

(a)lifelong指「一生」或「終身」,例如:
She is suffering from a lifelong illness.
她患有一種終身疾病。
(b)livelong指「整整」,例如:
The widespread depression in the coal industry of this country lasted the livelong year.

該國煤炭業全面蕭條,持續了整整一年。

busboy

在電視劇,聽到busboy一字,雖知其意,但平時不大聽到。

(1)busboy(亦可寫作bus boy)屬美式英文。

(2)busboy即waiter's assistant,指「侍應助手」,其工作主要是收餐具、清桌面等,並無記下客人點菜的「權力」。

(3)若是女性,則用bus girl。儘管有bus boy和bus girl的男女之分,但美國女權運動高漲,過分強調「政治正確」,對busboy一字的使用仍不滿意。因此,當局在壓力之下將busboy改作waiter's assistant。然而,民間講慣busboy,此字仍沿用下來。

(4)美國聯邦人口調查局將以前所定的不少職業名稱再「正名」,除busboy之外,改名的還有不少,舉其中數例:

newsboy→newspaper carrier and vendor
foreman→blue-collar worker supervisor
motorman→rail vehicle operator
fireman→firefighter
chambermaid→lodging quarters cleaner
maid →private household cleaner

airline stewardess→flight attendant

(5)以上數例中,除firefighter和flight attendant已為人所常用,其他所改名稱十分論盡,似不受民眾歡迎。

when和while有何分別?

(1)while含at the same time that(同時)意味,例如:

Don't call me while I'm at the office.
我在辦公室時,勿打電話給我。
(2)while在表示時間上,不能指時間的某一點,因它有for as long as的含義,例如:

I am safe while I am here.
只要我人在這裏就安全。
(3)while子句的動詞,須具持續性(be、stay、wait、live等),而非瞬間性(get up、arrive等)。若when子句動詞屬持續性,就可用while來代替when,例如:

We must strike while the iron is hot.
我們必須趁熱打鐵。
(4)二者的另一分別在於,while可用於對比,when則不可,例如:

While their country has plenty of oil, ours has none.

他們國家石油多,我國卻沒有石油。
(5)while有時指「然而」、「雖然」、「儘管」,例如:

While this is true of some, it is not true of all.

這雖對一些人適用,但並非對所有人都適用。
(6)when可指一段時間,也可指時間的某一點,例如:

When she comes, I shall tell her to wait for you.(指時間的某一點,不可用while)

她來時,我會叫她等你。

many a和many有何分別?

(1) many a側重把「許多」個別化,即「一個一個地」,例如:

Many a ship has been wrecked on those rocks.(個別化,即不是一齊撞毀)

曾有許多船撞毀在那些岩石上。
(2) many側重把「許多」綜合化,例如:
America has many natural resources.
美國自然資源豐富。
(3) 二者的另一個分別在於,many既可用於書面體,也可用於口語體,而many a多用於正式語體。

between vs among 用法

有些文法書,說between用於二者「之間」,而among用於三者或以上「之間」。但他常見到between用於三者或以上「之間」,不明何故。

現在許多學者已另作解釋,如Collins Dictionary的編者說:「Between可表示3個事物以上的關係,但這裏通常具有分離的關係;among可指數目不確定的事物。」


例如:

Switzerland lies between France, Germany, Austria and Italy.(4國具分離關係)

瑞士位於法國、德國、奧地利和意大利之間。
We quarrel among ourselves.
(ourselves數目不確定)

open the floodgates 意思

Open the floodgates即remove all the restrictions,意為「取消一切限制」,例如:

The policy has opened the floodgates to huge quantities of cheap goods from the Far East.

該項政策取消所有限制,令到大量遠東廉價貨品湧入。

Japan's和Japanese有何分別?

(1)Japan's屬名詞所有格(possessive case),Japanese則屬形容詞。

(2)名詞所有格往往強調地理、區域概念,形容詞則強調特點、品質等,例如:

Japan's education(強調國家地理概念)
Japanese education(強調日本教育特點)

Japan's agriculture(地理概念)

Japanese agriculture(特點,與其他國家農業有別)

Japan's territory(地理概念)

Japanese territory(不是他國領土)

no one和none有何分別?no-one和no one是否一樣?

(1)no one和none有時可互換使用,二者最重要的分別在於:

no one後若不跟of片語,只可指人;
none在任何情下,既可指人,也可指物,例如:

Q﹕How many elephants did you see?
A﹕None.
Q﹕你看到幾隻大象?
A﹕一隻也沒有。
在上面對話中,由於大象不是人,故只可用none而不可用no one。

(2)但是,no one後若跟of片語,既可指人,也可指物,例如:

No one of you can solve the riddle.(指人)
你們沒有一個人能解開這個謎。
I read three books on this subject, no one of which was helpful.(指物)

關於此課題,我讀過3本書,但沒有一本有用。
(3)no-one和no one在英文中是並存的,例如:
No one of them understands the problem.
他們之中,沒一個懂得該問題。
No-one wished me a happy birthday.
沒有人祝我生日快樂。

Would you like...?

讀到《楊鐵樑留言信箱》,見以下例句:

Would you like to call again?(可以請你再打來嗎?)

又讀《英文,放馬過來!》一書,見以下例句:
Would you like to see a movie tonight?(今晚想不想看電影?)

Would you like究竟是請人家做一件事,還是問人家想不想做某件事呢?

(1) 根據A Concise Grammar for English Teachers 所言,Would you like... 是有禮貌地表示請求、提議或邀請,而不是提出疑問,例如:

Q: Would you like (to have) some tea?
A: Thanks, but I'd prefer coffee.
Q: 請喝點茶,好嗎?
A: 謝謝,但我想喝咖啡。
因此,《楊鐵樑留言信箱》的中譯沒有錯。
(2) 不過,《新世紀英漢辭典》指出,Would you…表示:

(a) 你可以……嗎?
(b) 請你……好嗎?
(c) 你要不要?
例句:
Would you like (to have) a glass of beer?

你要不要來一杯啤酒?

(3) 「要不要」就是「想不想」,因此《英文,放馬過來!》的中譯也說得過去。

有時看到spend on,有時看到spend in,什麼原因呢?

(1)表示花費金錢,可用spend on,例如:
He spends a lot [of money] on entertaining friends.

他花很多錢款待朋友。

註:可不用介系詞:

He spends a lot [of money] entertaining friends.

(2)亦可用spend for,例如:
How much did you spend for [on] that book?

你花了多少錢買那本書?

(3)表示花費時間,可用spend on或spend in,例如:

He spends very little time on his studies.
他在學習上花的時間甚少。
She spends too much time in dressing herself.

她用太多時間來打扮。
註:亦可不用介系詞:

She spends too much time dressing herself.

(4)表示花費時間或金錢做某事,常常省略介系詞,口語中尤甚:

I'd rather spend money travelling than buying a flat.

我寧願花錢旅遊,也不願買樓。

vicarious如何配搭使用?

曾經見過vicariously liable這樣的配搭?

(1) vicarious源自拉丁文,有「代理」之意。
(2) vicarious主要有下列意思,以配搭來表示:
vicarious suffering 替人受苦
vicarious sacrifice 為人犧牲
vicarious punishment 代人受罰
vicarious authority 代理(職)權
vicarious element 代用元素
例如:
His success gave her vicarious pleasure.
他的成功給她如同身受的快樂。
(3) vicariously是vicarious的副詞,意思類似。vicariously liable意為代人負責,例如:

A company may be vicariously liable for an offence committed by its employee.

公司可能要為員工所犯罪行負責。

take something on和take someone on有何分別?

二者意義繁多,僅選其中一兩種解釋:
(a)take something on即undertake or agree to do a task,指「擔任」、「負擔」,例如:

I'm very busy, so I don't want to take on any more work.

我很忙,故不想再負擔更多工作。
(b)take someone on即employ,指「僱用」,例如:

The company took on 30 extra workers last month.

該公司上月額外僱了30名工人。
(c)又意為contend with as an opponent,指「較量」,例如:

The workers are determined to take on the government in this dispute.

該批工人決心在爭端中與政府較量一番。

brand new是否在所有場合都可使用來代替new?

(1) brand new屬口語體,解作:全新的 / 嶄新的 / 簇新的 / 剛剛獲得的。

(2) 除了說brand new之外,spanking new也有相同的意思,例如:

My car is spanking new.
我的汽車是全新的。
(3) 有些人甚至會說brand spanking new,例如:

Look at that brand spanking new car!
你看那部嶄新的汽車!
(4) 在文法上,brand不宜看作助語詞。
(5) 並非所有場合都可使用brand new。

pennies from heaven和the penny drops有何分別?

(1) pennies from heaven即unexpected or incidental benefits, especially money,指「意外的好處」(尤指金錢),例如:

We need more money but we can't rely on pennies from heaven. We'll just have to work harder.

我們需要更多的錢,但不能坐等意外之財,而需更加勤力工作。

(2) the penny drops即understand something that was unnoticed or puzzling before,指「弄清不明白之事」,例如:

There was a long silence at the meeting, and then the penny finally dropped-I was supposed to be speaking.

會場沉默良久,之後我終於明白,我應該發言了。



collateral如何配搭使用?

(1)在句中看到的collateral damages應為collateral damage(不可數名詞)。


例句:

The bombs were aimed at military targets but there was some collateral damage to civilian areas.

炸彈是針對軍事目標,但也給居民區造成一些附帶破壞。


(《朗文當代高級辭典》第一版)

(2)collateral作形容詞,主要有下列意思,以配搭來表示:

collateral reading 補充讀物
collateral evidence 旁證
collateral benefits 附加津貼
a collateral relative 旁系親屬
a collateral matter 枝節問題

a collateral effect 伴隨效果

(3)collateral作名詞,意思主要指旁系親屬或擔保物 / 抵押品


例句:

She used her flat as collateral for the loan.

句中為何有兩個fail

Until we start letting companies that deserve to fail actually fail, we will not have transparency and accountability in our markets.

句中為何有兩個fail?這是什麼結構?全句意思為何?

(1) 在條件子句(conditional clause)Until we start letting companies that deserve to fail actually fail中,that deserve to fail又是一個子句(clause)。

(2) 若先不理that deserve to fail,便得到Until we start letting companies actually fail,意為「除非我們開始讓公司真的倒閉」。這裏,fail只出現一次。

(3) 定語子句that deserve to fail意為「理應倒閉的」,為的是修飾前面companies,點明讓什麼樣的公司倒閉。

(4) 於是,整個條件子句的意思為「除非我們開始讓理應倒閉的公司真的倒閉」。

(5) 至此,Edmund可以明白到,定語子句that deserve to fail中的fail,即另個fail,並不與條件子句中的fail直接有關係。

(6) 由於兩個fail分別存在於不同的子句中,亦即不存在於同一子句中,故句子結構中出現兩個fail的問題本身就不成立。

(7) 全句或可譯作:「除非我們開始讓理應倒閉的公司真的倒閉,否則市場上不會有透明度和責任感。」